Aiello, D., Gusella, G., Fiorenza, A., Guarnaccia, V. & Polizzi, G. 2020. Identification of Neofusicoccum parvum causing canker and twig blight on Ficus carica in Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59(1): 213–218. DOI: 10.14601/PHYTO-10798.
Al-Mahmooli, I.H., Al-Maqbaly, Y.M., Al-Sadi, A.M., Al-Badi, R.S., Velazhahan, R. & Hussain, S. 2022. First report of dieback on fig (Ficus carica) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in north Al-Batinah governorate of Oman. Plant Disease 106(9): 2522. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-10-21-2165-PDN.
Banihashemi, Z. & Javadi, A.R. 2009. Further investigations on the biology of Phomopsis cinerascens, the cause of fig canker in Iran. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 48: 454–460.
Bolboli, Z., MostowfizadehGhalamfarsa, R., Jafari, M. & Sarkhosh, A. 2023. Susceptibility of fig cultivars to Diaporthe canker in Iran. Plant Pathology 72(3): 507–520. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13687.
Bolboli, Z., Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Sandoval-Denis, M., Jafari, M. & Crous, P.W. 2022a. Neocosmospora caricae sp. nov. and N. metavorans, two new stem and trunk canker pathogens on Ficus carica in Iran. Mycological Progress 21(10): 89. DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01834-9.
Bolboli, Z., Tavakolian, B., Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R., Jafari, M. & Cacciola, S.O. 2022b. Stilbocrea banihashemiana sp. nov. a new fungal pathogen causing stem cankers and twig dieback of fruit trees. Journal of Fungi 8(7): 694. DOI: 10.3390/jof8070694.
Çeliker, N.M. & Michailides, T.J. 2012. First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing canker and shoot blight of fig in Turkey. New Disease Reports 25(12): 2044–0588. DOI: 10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.025.012.
Chen, Y., Wei, H., Du, G., Zhu, L., Song, Q., Hu, Y., Wang, E., Wang, M. & Fan, X. 2018. First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing stem canker on common fig (Ficus carica) in Zhejiang Province of China. Plant Disease 102: 2656–2657. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0887-PDN.
FAO. 2024. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT http://www.fao.org/faostat (accessed on 06 April 2026).
Ferguson, L., Michailides, T.J. & Shorey, H.H. 1990. The California fig industry. DOI: 10.1002/9781118060858.ch9.
Garbelotto, M., Scali, E., Swain, S., Macon, D., Lacan, I., Schmidt, D., Popenuck, T., Martino, I. & Guarnaccia, V. 2025. In: California's changing climate, latent pathogens drive novel woody plant diebacks on a large geographic scale.
Plant Pathology 74(9): 2697–2714. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.70041.
Ghaedi, M., Bolboli, Z. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2023. First report of Peroneutypa scoparia associated with canker disease on Ficus carica in northern Iran. New Disease Reports 48(1). DOI: 10.1002/ndr2.12201.
Ghaedi, M., Bolboli, Z., Salami, M., Jafari, M. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2025. Susceptibility of fig cultivars to three fungal pathogens associated with Botryosphaeria canker. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 138: 102685. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102685.
Gomes, R.R., Glienke, C., Videira, S.I.R., Lombard, L., Groenewald, J.Z. & Crous, P.W. 2013. Diaporthe: a genus of endophytic, saprobic and plant pathogenic fungi. Persoonia 31: 1–41. DOI: 10.3767/003158513X666844.
Güney, İ.G., Bozoğlu, T., Özer, G., Türkölmez, Ş. & Derviş, S. 2022. First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig (Ficus carica L.) in Turkey. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 129(3): 701–705. DOI: 10.1007/s41348-022-00586-8.
Gusella, G., Gugliuzzo, A., Guarnaccia, V., Martino, I., Aiello, D., Costanzo, M.B., Russo, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, P.W. & Polizzi, G. 2024. Fungal species causing canker and wilt of Ficus carica and evidence of their association by bark beetles in Italy. Plant Disease 108(7): 2136–2147. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-24-0251-RE.
Gusella, G., Morgan, D.P. & Michailides, T.J. 2021. Further investigation on limb dieback of fig (Ficus carica) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in California. Plant Disease 105(2): 324–330. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1226-RE.
Habib, W., Carlucci, M., Manco, L., Altamura, G., Delle Donne, A.G. & Nigro, F. 2023. First report of Ceratocystis ficicola causing canker and wilt disease on common fig (Ficus carica) in Italy. Plant Disease 107(10): 3287. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-03-23-0464-PDN.
Hall, T.A. 1999. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Hampson, M.C. 1981. Phomopsis canker on weeping fig in Newfoundland. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 61: 3–5.
JabnounKhiareddine, H., Aydi Ben Abdallah, R., Mars, M. & Daami-Remadi, M. 2022. First report of fig tree dieback caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Tunisia. Journal of Phytopathology 170(7–8): 546–556. DOI: 10.1111/jph.13104.
Jafari, M., Rahemi, M. & Haghighi, A.A.K. 2018. Role of fig rootstock on changes of water status and nutrient concentrations in ‘Sabz’ cultivar under drought stress condition. Scientia Horticulturae 230: 56–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.10.014.
Kajitani, Y. & Masuya, H. 2011. Ceratocystis ficicola sp. nov., a causal fungus of fig canker in Japan. Mycoscience 52(5): 349–353. DOI: 10.1007/S10267-011-0116-5.
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in erformance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(4): 772–780. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst010.
Kislev, M.E., Hartmann, A. & Bar-Yosef, O. 2006. Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 312(5778): 1372–1374. DOI: 10.1126/science.1125910.
Mouchacca, J. 1973. Les Thielavia des sols arides: epseces nouvelles et analyse generique. Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe Mycologique de France 89: 295–311.
Negahban, H., Bolboli, Z., Jafari, M. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2026. Thyrostroma parviniae sp. nov., causing bud necrosis and branch dieback in fig trees from Iran. In Press. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0341992.
Negahban, H., Bolboli, Z. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2025. Emerging Fig Black Necrosis incited by Butlerelfia eustacei and its potential impact on various fig cultivars. Journal of Plant Pathology 107(1): 335–350. DOI: 10.1007/s42161-024-01739-4.
Nur-Shakirah, A.O., Khadijah, M.S., Kee, Y.J., Huda-Shakirah, A.R., Mohd Hafifi, A.B., Nurul-Aliyaa, Y.A., Chew, B.L., Zakaria, L., Nor, N.M.I.M., Sreeramanan, S., Leong, Y. & Mohd, M.H. 2022. Characterization of Lasiodiplodia species causing leaf blight, stem rot and fruit rot of fig (Ficus carica) in Malaysia. Plant Pathology 71(7): 1594–1605. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13580.
R Core Team. 2023. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: https://www.R-project.org.
Ramadan, M.F. (ed.). 2023. Fig (Ficus carica): Production, processing, and properties. Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-16493-4.
Ray, J.D., Burgess, T. & Lanoiselet, V.M. 2010. First record of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and N. novaehollandiae on Mangifera indica and N. dimidiatum on Ficus carica in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 5(1): 48–50. DOI: 10.1071/DN10018.
Roux, J., Eisenberg, B., Kanzler, A., Nel, A., Coetzee, V., Kietzka, E. & Wingfield, M.J. 2007. Testing of selected South African Pinus hybrids and families for tolerance to the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum. New Forests 33(2): 109–123. DOI: 10.1007/s11056-006-9017-4.
Sardooei, S., Bolboli, Z., Jafari, M. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2026. Fusarium decemcellulare and F. annulatum, two emerging canker pathogens of fig trees and their potential pathogenicity on some fruit trees. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 133(2): 45. DOI: 10.1007/s41348-026-01243-0.
Sarkhosh, A., Yavari, A. & Ferguson, L. 2022. The fig: botany, production and uses. CABI, Wallingford. DOI: 10.1079/9781789242881.0000.
Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayaka, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M. S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. 2020. Morphological approaches in studying fungi: Collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11(1): 2678–2754. DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20.
Seo, Y., Back, C.G., Park, M.J. & Park, J.H. 2019. First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing canker and dieback of common fig in Korea. Plant Disease 103(5): 1023–1023. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1613-PDN.
Shapiro, S.S. & Wilk, M.B. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52(3–4): 591–611. DOI: 10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591.
Soltaninejad, N., Mohammadi, H. & Massumi, H. 2017. Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Phaeoacremonnium species associated with decline of Prunus species in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology 99: 571–581.
Tadayon, M.S. & Hosseini, S.M. 2022. Shade net and mulching measures for improving soil and plant water status of fig trees under rainfed conditions. Agricultural Water Management 271: 107796. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107796.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. 2021. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38(7): 3022–3027. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab120.
Tsopelas, P., Soulioti, N., Wingfiield, M.J., Barnes, I., Marincowitz, S., Tjamos, E.C. & Paplomatas, E.J. 2021. Ceratocystis ficicola causing a serious disease of Ficus carica in Greece. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60(2): 337–349. DOI: 10.36253/phyto-12794.
von Arx, J.A. 1975. On Thielavia and some similar genera of ascomycetes. Studies in Mycology 8: 1–32.
von Arx, J.A. 1984. Canariomyces notabilis, a peculiar ascomycete from the Canary Isolands. Persoonia 12(2): 185–187.
von Arx, J.A., Figueras, M.J. & Guarro, J. 1988. Sordariaceous ascomycetes without ascospore ejaculation. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 94: 1–104.
Wang, X.W., Lombard, L., Groenewald, J.Z., Li, J., Videira, S.I.R., Samson, R.A., Liu, X.Z. & Crous, P.W. 2016. Phylogenetic reassessment of the Chaetomium globosum species complex. Persoonia 36: 83–133. DOI: 10.3767/003158516X689657.
Wang, X.W., Bai, F.Y., Bensch, K., Meijer, M., Sun, B.D., Han, Y.F., Crous, P.W., Samson R.A., Yang, F.Y. & Houbraken, J. 2019. Phylogenetic re-evaluation of Thielavia with the introduction of a new family Podosporaceae. Studies in Mycology 93: 155–252. DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2019.08.002.
Woudenberg, J.H.C., Aveskamp, M.M., De Gruyter, J., Spiers, A.G. & Crous, P.W. 2009. Multiple Didymella teleomorphs are linked to the Phoma clematidina morphotype. Persoonia. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 22(1):
56–62. DOI: 10.3767/003158509X427808.