APG II. 2003. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399–436.
APG IV. 2016. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.
Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. 2011. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCat: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. Zookeys 150: 117–126.
Baiges, J.C., Espadaler, X. & Blanché, C. 1991. Seed dispersal in W Mediterranean Euphorbia species. Botanika Chronika 10: 697–705.
Beattie, A.J. & Hughes, L. 2002. Ant-plant Interaction. Pp. 211–235. In: Herrera, C.M. & Pellmyr, O. (eds), Plant-animal interactions. An evolutionary approach. Oxford, Blackwell Science.
Boissier, E. 1862. Subordo 1. Euphorbia L. Pp. 3–188. In: De Candolle, A. (ed.), Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, Vol. 15. Victoris Masson et filii, Parisiis.
Boissier, E. 1866. Icons Euphorbiarum. Victoris Masson et filii, Parisiis.
Boissier, E. 1879. Euphorbia L. Pp. 1082–1136. In: Boissier, E. (ed.), Flora Orientalis, Vol. 4. Basilea, apud H. Georg.
Bruyns, P.V., Mapaya, R.J. & Hedderson, T. 2006. A
new subgeneric classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psbA-trnH sequence data. Taxon 55: 397–420.
Carneiro-Torres, D.S., Cordeiro, I., Giulietti, A.M., Berry, P.E. & Riina, R. 2011. Three new species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Caatinga. Brittonia 63: 122–132.
Chen, S.-C., Pahlevani, A.H., Malίková, L., Riina, R., Thomsom, F.J. & Giladi, I. 2019. Trade-off or coordination? Correlations between ballochorous and myrmecochorous phases of diplochory. Functional Ecology 33(8): 1469–1479.
Chittenden, F.J. & Synge, P.M. 1974. Dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture. Pp. 513–1088. Vol. 2. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Dewick, P. 1999. Medicinal Natural Products. A biosynthetic approach. John Wiley, Chichester.
Ehler, N. 1976. Micromorphologie der Samenoberflächen der Gattung Euphorbia. Plant Systematics and Evolution 126: 189–207.
Forouzesh, F., Sadeghi, V., Baghaei, K., Rajabbeigi E. & Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E. 2018. Cytotoxic activity of the root of Euphorbia teheranica ethanolic extract against Caco-2 colorectal cancer cell line. Multidisciplinary Cancer Investigation 2(2): 1–7.
Frodin, D.G. 2004. History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 53: 753–776.
Govaerts, R., Frodin, D. & Radcliffe-Smith A. 2000. World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (with Pandaceae), Vol. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 417–921.
Hijmans, R.J., Guarino, L., Cruz, M. & Rojas, E. 2001. Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data 1. DIVA-GIS. Pl Genet Resources Newslett 127: 15–19.
Hohmann, J., Rédei, D., Forgo, P., Molnár, J., Dombi, G. & Zorig, T. 2003. Jatrophane diterpenoids from Euphorbia mongolica as modulators of the multidrug resistance of L5128 mouse lymphoma cells. Journal of Natural Products 66: 976–979.
Horn, J.W., Van Ee, B.W., Morawetz, J.J., Riina, R., Steinmann, V.W., Berry, P.E. & Wurdack, K.J. 2012. Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 63: 305–326.
Horn, J.W., Xi, Z., Riina, R., Peirson, J.A., Yang, Y., Dorsey, B.L., Berry, P.E., Davis, C.C. & Wurdack, K.J. 2014. Evolutionary bursts in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) are linked with photosynthetic pathway. Evolution 68: 3485–3504.
IUCN. 2019. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the standard and petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf [accessed Aug. 2019].
Jassbi, A.R. 2006. Chemistry and biological activity of secondary metabolites in Euphorbia from Iran. Phytochemistry 67: 1977–1984.
Mayer, V., Ölzant, S. & Fischer, R.C. 2005. Myrmecochorous Seed Dispersal in Temperate Regions. Pp. 175–195. In: Forget, P.M., Lambert, J.E., Hulme, P.E. & Vander Wall, S.B. (eds), Seed fate, predation, dispersal and seedling establishment. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
Narbona, E., Arista, M. & Ortiz, P.L. 2005. Explosive seed dispersal in two perennial Mediterranean Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae). American Journal of Botany 92: 510–516.
Ohnishi, Y. & Suzuki, N. 2009. Preferential removal of non-injured seeds by an omnivorous ant, Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, in the seed dispersal of Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small. Ecological Research 24: 1155–1160.
Pahlevani, A.H. & Akhani, H. 2011. Seed morphology of Iranian annual species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 212–234.
Pahlevani, A.H., Geltman, D.V. & Riina, R. 2011(a). Taxonomic revision of Euphorbia subsect. Myrsiniteae in Iran. Annales Botanici Fennici 48(6): 483–493.
Pahlevani, A.H., Maroofi, H. & Joharchi, M.R. 2011(b). Notes on six endemic and rare species of Euphorbia subg. Esula (Euphorbiaceae) in Iran. Willdenowia 41: 267–276.
Pahlevani, A.H. & Riina, R. 2011. A synopsis of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce Raf. (Euphorbiaceae) in Iran. Annales Botanici Fennici 48(4): 304–316.
Pahlevani, A.H. & Riina, R. 2014. Synopsis of Euphorbia subgen. Esula sect. Helioscopia (Euphorbiaceae) in Iran with the description of Euphorbia mazandaranica sp. nov. Nordic Journal of Botany 32: 257–278.
Pahlevani, A.H., Liede-Schumann, S. & Akhani, H. 2015. Seed and capsule morphology of the Iranian perennial species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its phylogenetic application. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 335–377.
Pahlevani, A.H., Feulner, M., Weig, A. & Liede-Schumann, S. 2017. Molecular and morphological studies disentangle species complex in Euphorbia sect. Esula (Euphorbiaceae) from Iran, including two new species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303: 139–164.
Pahlevani, A.H. & Amini Rad, M. 2019. Two new alpine species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) from Iran. Kew Bulletin 74(3): 49.
Pahlevani, A.H. & Meve, U. 2019. Phytogeographical, karyological and nomenclatural notes on Euphorbia larica Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae). Euphorbia World 15: 43–49.
Pahlevani, A.H., Liede-Schumann, S. & Akhani, H. 2020. Diversity, distribution, endemism and conservation status of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in SW Asia and adjacent countries. Plant Systematics and Evolution 306: 80.
Pahlevani, A.H. & Tahmasebi, B.K. 2021. Reporting a new weedy Euphorbia species from Iran. Rostaniha 22(2): 325–327.
Parsa, A. 1949. Euphorbia L. Pp. 1207–1277. In: Parsa, A. (ed.), Flore de l’ Iran, Vol. 4. Tehran University, Tehran.
Pearcy, R.W. & Troughton, J. 1975. C4 photosynthesis in tree form Euphorbia species from Hawaiian rainforest sites. Plant Physiology 55: 1054–1056.
Radcliffe-Smith, A. 1982. Euphorbia L. Pp. 571–629. In: Davis, P.H. (ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 7. Edinburgh University, Edinburgh.
Radcliffe-Smith, A. 2001. Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
Rechinger, K.H. & Schiman-Czeika, H. 1964. Euphorbia L. Pp. 8–48. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.), Flora Iranica, Vol. 6. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
Riina, R., Peirson, J.A., Geltman, D.V., Molero, J., Frajman, B., Pahlevani, A., Barres, L., Morawetz,
J.J., Salmaki, Y., Zarre, S., Kryukov, A., Bruyns, P.V. & Berry, P.E. 2013. A worldwide molecular phylogeny and classification of the leafy spurges, Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 62: 316–342.
Shi, Q., Su, X. & Kiyoto, H. 2008. Chemical and pharmacological research of the plants in genus Euphorbia. Chemical Reviews 108: 4295–4327.
Singla, A.K. & Pathak, K. 1990. Phytoconstituents of Euphorbia species. Fitoterapia 61: 483–516.
Steinmann, V.W. & Porter, J.M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 453–490.
Terminology Department 2004–21. A Collection of Plant Sciences Terms, extracted from dictionary of approved terms by the academy of Persian language and literature. Vol. 1. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature (In Persian).
Upadhyay, R.R. & Mohaddes, G. 1987. Presence of ingenol and a new diterpene 4-deoxy ingenol in the latex of Euphorbia megalantha (Boiss). Current Science 56: 1058–1059.
Upadhyay, R.R. 1996. Tumour-promoting diterpene esters of the plant family Euphorbiaceae. Current Science 71: 32–36.
Upadhyay, R.R. 2000. Plants That May Cause Cancer. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
Walker, T. 2008. Euphorbias. Royal Horticultural Society, UK.
Wang, L.-Y., Wang, N.-L., Yao, X.-S., Miyata, S. & Kitanaka, S. 2002. Diterpenes from the roots of Euphorbia kansui and their in vitro effects on the cell division of xenopus. Journal of Natural Products 65: 1246–1251.
Wang, Z.U., Liu, H.P., Zhang, Y.C., Guo, L.Q., Li, Z.X. & Shi, X.F. 2011. Anticancer potential of Euphorbia helioscopia L. extracts against human cancer cells. The Anatomical Record 295: 223–233.
Webster, G.L. 1994. Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 33–144.
Wurdack, K.J., Hoffmann, P., Samuel, R., De Bruijn, A., Van Der Bank, A. & Chase, M.W. 2004. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Phyllanthaceae (Phyllanthoideae pro parte, Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) using plastid rbcL DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1882–1900.
Wurdack, K.J., Hoffmann, P., Chase, M.W. 2005. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequences. American Journal of Botany 92: 1397–1420.
Yang, Y., Riina, R., Morawetz, J.J., Haevermans, T., Aubriot, X. & Berry, P.E. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 61: 764–789.
Zimmerman, N.F.A., Ritz, C.M. & Hellwig, F.H. 2010. Further support for the phylogenetics relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL-trnF IGS sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 286: 39–58.
)
